Methodology Report & Survey Data Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Methodology Report & Survey Data - Essay Example Assume that the distribution is normally distributed. 2.2 In order to estimate the percentage of dwellings which have a smoke alarm in the North West to within 1% for a 95% confidence level a pilot survey was carried out. From a random sample of 30 buildings, 12 were found to have a smoke alarm installed. How many houses need to be sampled in the main survey 2.3 Two counties were surveyed by a local council in an investigation of their effectiveness in reducing the number of buildings of multiple occupancy "at risk" from arson. The following data was obtained from the survey. Evaluation of data from each local council Total Number reducing Number remains the same Number increasing County A 6 25 38 69 County B 3 14 4 21 Total 9 39 42 90 Expected Values 6.9 29.9 32.21 2.1 9.1 9.8 O E (O-E) (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E 6 6.9 - 0.9 0.81 0.12 3 2.1 0.9 0.81 0.38 25 29.9 - 4.9 24.01 0.80 14 9.1 4.9 24.01 2.64 38 31.2 5.8 33.64 1.04 4 9.8 -5.8 33.64 3.43 Total 8.41 Significance = (-1)/(C-1) = (2-1)/(3-1) = 2 The calculated value of 8.41 is considerably more than the significance value of 2 Therefore the data represents a significant departure from the expected values thus County A shows a considerable increase in risk of arson as compared with County B and the trend is

The Diverse Nature of Counseling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Diverse Nature of Counseling - Essay Example Psychoanalytic therapy was the first to develop in the area of counseling. It was created by an Austrian doctor by the name of Sigmund Freud. He wrote many aspects of the personality such as the id, ego, and superego. He also came up with the idea of reaction mechanisms in response to anxiety as well as thoughts of the consciousness and unconsciousness. In regards to therapy, the goal of therapy in psychotherapy is to bring the unconscious into the conscious realm through dream interpretation and talking therapy. In addition, it focuses on the strengthening of the ego so that the person becomes more integrated with reality. This was the foundation for all of the other therapies in psychology. The next major form of therapy to develop in counseling was Alderian therapy. It was started by Alfred Adler, who was a student of Freud’s, so there is some psychoanalytical influence on this theory. His basis for this therapy was that people are strongly influenced by the events of the p ast in which they either witnessed or experienced. Unlike in psychoanalysis which is purely deterministic, Alderian therapy acknowledges that both biological and environmental factors can impact a person. Many times, Alderian therapy is used in family and child therapy due to the emphasis on birth order and family constellations. Many times the goal in therapy is helping the person overcome inferiority and modifying faulty lifestyles and motivation. (Rule, & Bishop, 2006). Existential therapy is one of the theories which is more derived from philosophy rather than the behavioral sciences. It was created and supported by Victor Frankl and Rollo May. They reject the deterministic behavior of psychoanalysis in favor of the idea that we have the freedom to choose who and what we want to be. It is in this attempt to find oneself in which the therapy is developed. Logotherapy, the search for meaning, was created using this philosophy on counseling. The goal in counseling is helping the in dividual discover themselves and allowing them to redefine themselves through personal expression and genuineness expressed by the therapist (Yalom, 1980). Person-centered therapy was started by Carol Rogers. Again, rather than the purely biological nature of psychoanalysis, person centered therapy relies on concepts from the humanistic psychology. The main aspects of person centered therapy, as a therapist, are to have unconditional positive regard for a person, congruence, and be able to be empathetic towards the individual. The idea behind person centered therapy is that growth in the client is attained by the genuineness of the client-therapist relationship. This was unlike many of the prior therapy philosophies in that the main goal of therapy is based on the client-therapist relationship (Tudor, & Worrall, 2006). Gestalt therapy is the based on the here and now. According to Fritz Pearls, the goal in helping the client overcome neuroticism is by making them experience their pa st emotions and experiences as if they are a current feeling. Some of the principles of Gestalt therapy included